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🟣 B1 — Orta Seviye

📌 Reported Speech nedir?

Birinin tam olarak ne dediğini aktarmak için direct speech (doğrudan alıntı) kullanılır. Başkasının söylediklerini kendi cümlemizle aktarırken ise reported speech (dolaylı anlatım) kullanılır.

🔵 DIRECT SPEECH
"I am tired," she said.
↓
🟠 REPORTED SPEECH
She said (that) she was tired.
Yorgun olduğunu söyledi.
💡 that isteğe bağlıdır:
She said that she was tired. ✅
She said she was tired. ✅ (ikisi de doğru)

⏰ Zaman Kayması (Backshift)

Reporting verb geçmiş zamandaysa (said, told) fiil bir adım geriye kayar. Buna backshift denir.

Direct Speech → Reported Speech
Present Simple
"I work here."		 → Past Simple
She said she worked there.
Present Continuous
"I am eating."		 → Past Continuous
He said he was eating.
Past Simple
"I visited Paris."		 → Past Perfect
She said she had visited Paris.
Present Perfect
"I have finished."		 → Past Perfect
He said he had finished.
will
"I will call you."		 → would
She said she would call me.
can
"I can swim."		 → could
He said he could swim.
may
"It may rain."		 → might
She said it might rain.
must
"You must go."		 → had to
He said I had to go.
⚠️ Backshift her zaman zorunlu değildir! Söylenilen şey hâlâ geçerliyse zaman kaydırılmayabilir.
"The Earth is round," he said.
✅ He said the Earth is round. (hâlâ geçerli gerçek)
✅ He said the Earth was round. (de doğru)

🗣️ say vs tell

Her ikisi de "söylemek" anlamına gelir ama kullanımları farklıdır.

🔵 SAY — kişi belirtilmez

She said she was tired.
He said (that) he liked it.
They said the food was cold.

say + (that) + cümle

🟠 TELL — kişi belirtilir

She told me she was tired.
He told us (that) he liked it.
They told the waiter the food was cold.

tell + kişi + (that) + cümle

⚠️ En yaygın hata:
❌ She said me she was tired.
❌ He told that he was happy.
✅ She told me she was tired.
✅ He said (that) he was happy.

❓ Soruları Aktarma

Soruları reported speech'e çevirirken soru sırası değişir, soru işareti kalkar.

🔵 YES/NO SORU → if / whether
asked + if/whether + özne + fiil
"Are you coming?"
→ He asked if I was coming.
Gelip gelmeyeceğimi sordu.
🟠 WH- SORU → soru kelimesi kalır
asked + wh- + özne + fiil
"Where do you live?"
→ She asked where I lived.
Nerede yaşadığımı sordu.
🔵 DIRECT
"Did you finish your homework?" she asked.
↓
🟠 REPORTED
She asked if I had finished my homework.
Ödevimi bitirip bitirmediğimi sordu.
🔵 DIRECT
"What time does the train leave?" he asked.
↓
🟠 REPORTED
He asked what time the train left.
Trenin kaçta kalktığını sordu.

📢 Emir ve Rica Aktarımı

Emir ve ricalar reported speech'e told / asked + to + fiil yapısıyla aktarılır.

Emir: told + kişi + to + fiil
Rica: asked + kişi + to + fiil
Olumsuz: told / asked + kişi + not to + fiil
🔵 DIRECT
"Close the door!" he said.
↓
🟠 REPORTED
He told me to close the door.
Kapıyı kapatmamı söyledi.
🔵 DIRECT
"Please don't be late," she said.
↓
🟠 REPORTED
She asked me not to be late.
Geç kalmamamı rica etti.

📍 Zaman ve Yer İfadelerinin Değişimi

Reported speech'te zaman ve yer ifadeleri de değişir.

now→then
today→that day
yesterday→the day before
tomorrow→the next day
last week→the week before
next week→the following week
here→there
this→that
these→those
ago→before

⚠️ Yaygın Hatalar

❌ YANLIŞ

She said me she was happy.
He told that he was tired.
She asked where do I live.
He told me to not worry.

✅ DOĞRU

She told me she was happy.
He said (that) he was tired.
She asked where I lived.
He told me not to worry.

🔗
Bir Sonraki Adım: Reported Speech'i öğrendiniz! Şimdi Advanced Reported Speech ile ileri düzey dolaylı anlatımı öğrenin veya Wish Clauses ile dilek cümlelerini keşfedin.

✏️ Küçük Test

"I am very busy." → She said she ___ very busy.
Çok meşgul olduğunu söyledi.
"I will call you tomorrow." → He said he ___ call me the next day.
Ertesi gün beni arayacağını söyledi.
She ___ me that the meeting had been cancelled.
Toplantının iptal edildiğini bana söyledi. (kişi var)
"Do you like coffee?" → He asked me if I ___ coffee.
Kahveyi sevip sevmediğimi sordu.
"Where does she work?" → He asked where she ___.
Nerede çalıştığını sordu.
"Don't touch that!" → She told him ___ touch that.
Ona dokunmamasını söyledi.
"I have lost my keys." → She said she ___ her keys.
Anahtarlarını kaybettiğini söyledi.
"Can you help me?" → She asked if I ___ help her.
Ona yardım edip edemeyeceğimi sordu.
← Conditionals